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Colorectal cancer, often referred to as colon cancer, is the third most prevalent cancer among men and women in the United States and the second most common cause of cancer deaths. Colon cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum. This can include abnormal growths, called polyps, which have the potential to become cancerous without timely intervention.

Understanding predispositions, family history and symptoms is becoming increasingly important in early detection of colon cancer According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer rates in the U.S. have dropped among people 65 and older but increased in younger age groups. In 2020, 12% of cases were diagnosed in people under 50—accounting for approximately 18,000 cases.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer may not always manifest in its early stages, highlighting the need for screenings. Warning signs such as irregular bowel movements, persistent abdominal pain, blood in the stool, or unintentional weight loss should not be ignored. Timely detection can significantly impact prognosis, with early-detection offering a higher survival rate and more, less invasive, treatment options. Screening has been shown to prevent cancer and improve survival when cancer is detected.

Certain factors elevate an individual’s susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Age, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, genetic syndromes, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking are all contributing factors. Current guidelines recommend starting screenings at age 45 for all individuals, regardless of gender or race. However, those with a family history of colon cancer should begin screenings 10 years before the age of their affected relative’s diagnosis. Any patient with abdominal symptoms should also be evaluated.

Colonoscopies remain the gold standard for colorectal cancer screening, and it is a very safe procedure. These screenings significantly reduce the risk of cancer diagnosis and mortality. Following a negative test result, low-risk individuals should undergo screening every 10 years. However, those with abnormalities or heightened risk factors may require more frequent screenings.

Proper preparation is vital for a successful colonoscopy. Consultation with your physician regarding dietary adjustments and medication alterations, bowel cleansing regimen adherence, fasting guidelines, and arranging transportation post-sedation are essential steps in the preparation process. Newer preparation options are easier than older options.

By prioritizing screenings and adopting a proactive approach to your well-being, you can significantly mitigate the risks associated with colorectal cancer. Don’t wait until you start to experience symptoms—take action now to safeguard your health.

Dr. David Beck is a colorectal surgeon and professor of clinical surgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. He has extensive experience in diagnosing, screening for and treating colorectal and esophageal conditions.